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Mergers and acquisitions (business combinations) can have a fundamental impact on the acquirer’s operations, resources, and strategies. IFRS 3 ‘Business Combinations’ is one of the most referred to Standards currently issued and contains the requirements for these transactions, which are challenging in practice.
In this article
This article provides a high-level overview of IFRS 3 and explains the key steps in accounting for business combinations in accordance with this Standard. It also highlights some practical application issues dealing with:
deal terms and what effect they can have on accounting for business combinations
how to avoid unintended accounting consequences when bringing two businesses together.
The acquisition method at a glance
Our ‘Insights into IFRS 3’ series summarises the key areas of the Standard. Download the full article or read on for a high-level overview of IFRS 3.
IFRS 3 establishes the accounting and reporting requirements (known as ‘the acquisition method’) for the acquirer in a business combination. The key steps in applying the acquisition method are summarised below:
Step 1 - Identifying a business combination
Most traditional acquisitions, such as the purchase of a controlling interest in an unrelated operating entity, are business combinations within the scope of IFRS 3. However, many transactions or other events involving the purchase of another entity or groups of assets require further analysis to determine whether:
what was acquired constitutes a business
control, as defined by IFRS 10, has been obtained
the combination is within the scope of IFRS 3.
Step 2 - Identifying the acquirer
The party identified as the accounting acquirer will most often be the legal owner (the accounting acquirer is usually the entity that transfers the consideration ie cash or other assets). However, IFRS 3 requires an in-substance approach to identify the party that obtained control (ie the acquirer). This approach looks beyond the legal form of the transaction and considers the rights of the combining entities and their former owners.
Step 3 - Determining the acquisition date
The acquisition date is the date the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree, usually the specified closing or completion date of the business combination.
Step 4 - Recognising and measuring identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed
This is typically the most complex and time-consuming step which requires the acquirer to:
recognise identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, including some intangible assets that may not have been previously recognised in the acquiree’s financial statements
measure identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value, with a few exceptions
determine the applicability of some specific recognition and measurement provisions
classify or designate the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
Step 5 - Recognising and measuring any non-controlling interest (NCI)
The acquirer has a choice to measure present ownership-type NCI at either fair value or the proportionate interest in the acquiree’s recognised identifiable net assets. When making the choice, a number of factors should be considered. Decisions made at the time of the business combination cannot be revisited. The measurement of NCI affects the amount of goodwill that can be recognised and it can also impact post-combination reported results.
Step 6 - Determining the consideration transferred
Consideration transferred can include cash and other assets transferred, liabilities incurred and equity interests issued by the acquirer. Some consideration may be deferred or be contingent on future events. In addition, consideration transferred in exchange for the acquired business may be different from the contractual purchase price if the overall transaction includes elements that are not part of the business combination exchange. For example, the following must be accounted for separately from the business combination:
acquisition-related costs, including:
reimbursement of those incurred by the acquiree or the former owners
those paid directly to third parties
the effective settlement of a pre-existing relationship between the acquirer and acquiree.
Step 7 - Recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase
Goodwill or gain from a bargain purchase is measured as a residual amount.
Effect of deal terms on the accounting for business combinations
The terms and structures of sales and purchase agreements vary extensively, and they will determine how a business combination should be accounted for. It is important that management is aware of the financial reporting consequences of putting in place certain terms and conditions into sale and purchase agreements. The following summarises some common deal terms and their related effects on the financial reporting for business combinations.
Structure of the purchase price
Contingent consideration arrangements
The purchase price may include contingent consideration arrangements, such as variations to the ultimate price depending on the future performance of the acquired business.
Financial reporting effects
recognition of the contingent consideration on the acquisition date at fair value has an immediate effect on the statement of financial position (ie directly impacts goodwill and reported amounts of liability or equity depending on the nature of the contingent consideration to be transferred)
subsequent changes in the fair value of any contingent consideration liability will usually affect post-combination earnings of the group. Whereas contingent consideration initially recognised as equity will not impact the post-acquisition performance of the group.
Contingent payment arrangements
It also could include contingent payment arrangements with selling employee-shareholders who remain employees of the acquired business (eg earn-out agreements).
Financial reporting effects
accounted for based on their substance and may need to be treated (wholly or partly) as compensation for future services and accounted for using the guidance in either IFRS 2 ‘Share-based Payment’ or IAS 19 ‘Employee Benefits’ rather than as a payment for the business acquired
arrangements for which payments are automatically forfeited if employment of the selling shareholders is terminated, should be accounted for as remuneration for post-acquisition services.
Transferring acquirer’s assets
The parties may agree to transfer some of the acquirer’s assets.
Financial reporting effects
the assets transferred should be remeasured to their fair value on the acquisition date and form part of consideration transferred
any remeasurement gain or loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
Arrangements for the payment of acquisition costs
The parties may arrange that transaction costs are paid by the vendor which may or may not be reimbursed by the acquirer.
Financial reporting effects
reimbursement of acquisition costs should be recognised as an immediate expense
if costs paid by the vendor are not reimbursed directly by the acquirer, a portion of the contractual price should be treated as in-substance reimbursement and excluded from consideration transferred.
Pre-existing relationship between the acquirer and the acquiree
The parties may have an existing:
contractual arrangement (eg supplier and customer relationship or a licensor and licensee relationship)
non-contractual relationship (eg litigation).
Financial reporting effects
if the business combination has the effect of settling a pre-existing relationship, that settlement should be accounted for as a separate transaction from the business combination
the amount deemed to relate to the settlement of the pre-existing relationship is excluded from the consideration transferred for the business acquired
any gain or loss arising from the settlement of such an arrangement should be recognised immediately in profit or loss.
Replacement or continuation of an acquiree’s share-based payment awards
The acquirer may replace the acquiree’s share-based payment awards or alternatively continue the acquiree’s share based payment awards without changes.
Financial reporting effects
Replacement awards:
need to assess the portion of the consideration transferred that represents the value of the replacement awards attributable to pre-combination service
amount relating to post-combination service should be recognised as compensation expense over the remaining vesting period.
Existing award schemes not replaced:
the fair value of any vested awards is recognised as part of NCI with a consequent effect on goodwill
NCI is increased by the value of unvested awards attributable to pre-combination service
amount relating to post-combination service is recognised as compensation expense over the vesting period on the basis of the market-based measurement of that award at the acquisition date.
Contracts to acquire shares from non-selling shareholders at a later date
These contracts may be negotiated at or around the same time as the business combination.
Financial reporting effects
a contract that in substance represents the purchase, at the date of acquisition, of the remaining acquiree shares is accounted for as part of the business combination, as a deferred or contingent consideration arrangement. As the remaining shares held by NCI are considered to have been acquired at the date of acquisition, the acquirer is considered having already acquired 100% of the acquiree shares and as such, no NCI should be recognised
contracts that are in substance arrangements to purchase NCI shares at a future date after the acquiring entity gains control of the subsidiary (also referred to as put options over NCI) should be accounted for as a separate transaction. It should not be considered part of the business combination.
Reporting business combinations and avoiding surprises
Reporting a business combination is a significant exercise. A considerable amount of time and effort usually needs to be put into gathering, assembling and evaluating all the information required to be reported in the financial statements under IFRS 3. Presented below are some planning considerations and suggestions on how they can be implemented.
During the deal negotiation
understand the accounting effects of the terms set out in the sale and purchase agreement
identify related transactions or other elements that may require separate accounting
identify transactions/agreements or other arrangements that have negotiated at or near the same time to assess whether they should form part of the business combination.
Implementation hints
Involve finance/accounting personnel in the early stages of the negotiation to assist in evaluating the accounting effects of the deal terms.
Applying the acquisition method
Identifying intangible assets
these assets are more challenging to identify as they are often not recognised in the acquiree’s financial statements.
Implementation hints
Consider various sources of information that may provide valuable inputs in detecting intangible assets:
the acquiree’s operations
results of due diligence
acquiree’s website and other investorrelated communication.
Identifying contingent liabilities
the acquirer should recognise at the acquisition date a contingent liability assumed in a business combination if it is a present obligation and its fair value can be measured reliably.
Implementation hints
Consider various sources of information that may provide valuable inputs in detecting contingent liabilities:
legal correspondence
results of due diligence
documentation and communication with suppliers.
Valuation process
fair values of certain items may not be readily available and may require complex estimates.
Implementation hints
implement a robust process in developing fair value estimates
assistance from valuation experts may be required if the acquirer does not have the relevant expertise and experience in valuation.
Determining consideration transferred
need to consider the effects of transactions that are not part of the business combination under IFRS 3
Implementation hints
Consider the commercial reasons for each material element of the transaction, who initiated it and its timing.
Making an accounting policy choice
accounting policy choices can be made in certain areas, for example:
measurement of NCI
classification and designation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
Implementation hints
Assess the implications of the choices available, including the immediate effect on the acquisition date; the relative ease of applying a particular choice; the subsequent accounting requirements; and the related impact on post-combination earnings.
Determining the need for outside experts
some entities enter into frequent business combination transactions but for others, these are one-time events. The entity may then not have the adequate resources to apply IFRS 3’s requirements.
Implementation hints
assess the skills and relevant experience of the finance team to determine whether external consultants are required to assist with the purchase price allocation process that is set out in IFRS 3
this decision should be made early in the process to ensure the quality of financial information and avoid unnecessary delays.
Timely completion of the accounting for the business combination
the accounting for a business combination, including all the required disclosures, should be completed within the measurement period (which should not exceed 12 months after the acquisition date). Depending on the complexity of the business combination, this time frame may be challenging.
Implementation hints
plan early
identify all the relevant requirements, gather required information and assess the needed resources
engage external consultants as necessary and agree on scope of work, due dates and deliverables
implement a project plan and monitor progress of activities regularly
engage your auditor early!
We hope you find the information in this article helpful in giving you some insight into IFRS 3. If you would like to discuss any of the points raised, please speak to your usual Grant Thornton contact or visit your local member firm.
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